Just to add to the discussion. Tommy John was a pitcher back when they actually pitched. Modern day pitchers are more throwers, giving max effort on almost all pitches. Back in the day, no one threw 100 mph, then a few and now almost every team has a couple guys capable of 100 mph. Crochet may have on opening day (first opening I didn't follow in probably 50 years). Point being 60 of 87 pitches being max effort is different than 15 of 120. Several studies point to arm stress not being linear but going up near exponentially at a certain point. I think that is where the now common 100 pitch limit came from. Look at the innings guys used to throw in a year. 200 was nothing. 300 was frequent. Seaver began MLB at 22 years old and went over 250 innings in 11 of his first 12 years! One would think with modern training and medicines pitchers should be accumulating more innings not dropping like crazy. Now 180 is a lot because of much more max effort? (Also, with guaranteed contracts, ownership is probably more worried for the health of their 100 million dollar investment.)
For teams with budgetary constraints, I think you could make a case for treating pitchers like NFL running backs. A granted, shitty way to treat human beings but probably cost effective. Draft pitching heavily , develop, use heavily while under team control, if no team friendly extension- trade near end of control. Rare second contracts. You can bring in cheap vets and reclamation projects to fill out a staff or pen but most of staff is home grown, young and cheap. Pitching is always a shortage so you get a premium in trades to fill out your positions and/or reload pitching staff. If you look at the high dollar pitching contracts, very few of the long/expensive ones returned excess value to the team while many were bad returns on investment.